Peinture, sculpture, littérature, musique, langue créole…
C’est après l’indépendance d’Haïti en 1804, qui mit fin définitivement à l’esclavage, que l’on voit apparaître des « oeuvres » typiquement haïtiennes. Ces oeuvres sont d’abord inspirées par la religion vaudou, car on bat tambour lors des cérémonies, les murs des temples sont ornés de représentations de saints (confondus avec les esprits ou « loas ») et sur le sol des temples sont tracés les « vèvès », symboles géométriques personnifiant ces mêmes esprits, et qui seraient repris des dessins des Arawaks, premiers habitants de l’île. Toutefois, le vaudou a été censuré et persécuté pendant plus de deux siècles, à la fois par les premiers chefs d’Etat et par les Eglises catholique et protestante ; ce n’est que depuis les années 1980 qu’il est admis comme religion, au même titre que les autres, et que les artistes peuvent s’en inspirer ouvertement.
A travers cette rubrique, nous avons donc tenté de dresser un panorama le plus complet et représentatif possible de la culture et des arts haïtiens, concernant :
La musique haïtienne
La musique constitue une partie importante de la vie des Haïtiens. Les formes de cadences musicales sont variées. Le Kompa, la musique messagère, le Twoubadou, le zouk et le rythme racine forment le quatuor de base de la culture propre à l’île.
Ces musiques connaissent des évolutions pour s’allier harmonieusement à des rythmes de rumba, de jazz ou de rock.
À côté de ces formes, les musiciens sont influencés par les rythmes des pays voisins : le merengue, mais aussi le hip-hop, le ragga ou le reggae. Si certains musiciens restent sur l’île, d’autres exportent leur art dans le monde, comme Ti Jack.
La littérature haïtienne
« La littérature haïtienne est la plus vénérable et a longtemps été la plus riche des littératures ultramarines en langue française » (Léon-François Hoffman). Bien que la population haïtienne soit de langue créole et que la langue française, « butin » de la guerre d’indépendance, ne soit parlée que par une minorité d’Haïtiens, les écrivains haïtiens de langue française sont nombreux, et de plus en plus célèbres, comme le montrent les nombreux prix littéraires qu’ils obtiennent ces dernières années. Comme pour les peintres, il n’est pas possible de les citer tous !
Dès 1804, les premiers ont écrit des livres sur l’histoire de leur pays : Pierre Flignaud, Pompée Valentin, Juste Chanlatte, Beaubrun Ardouin. Puis tout au long des 19e et 20e siècles, pièces de théâtre, poésie, essais et romans ont vu le jour : Julien Lhérisson s’est rendu célèbre par son roman « La famille des Pitite-Caille », Jean Price-Mars par ses poèmes, Jacques Roumain par ses romans dont le plus célèbre est « Les gouverneurs de la rosée », Jacques-Stéphen Alexis par sa quadrilogie romancée « Compère Général Soleil, Les arbres musiciens, L’Espace d’un cillement, Romancero aux étoiles », mais dont la carrière si prometteuse a été interrompue par les balles de Duvalier ; René Depestre, connu pour son premier roman « Hadriana dans tous mes rêves », mais qui vit en exil en France ; Frankétienne, le démiurge du langage, qui mêle créole et français dans sa « spirale » langagière ; Jean Métellus, médecin et poète ; Anthony Phelps le poète ; Lionnel Trouillot, romancier et dramaturge ; Gary Victor, le chantre des sociétés secrètes du vaudou ; Dany Laferrière, qui vit au Canada et qui a obtenu l’an dernier le prix Médicis pour son roman-poème « L’énigme du retour ».
Sans oublier la tradition des contes, et la conteuse haïtienne célèbre en France, Mimi Barthélemy.
La littérature haïtienne dans une dynamique d’émancipation
Le pays d’Haïti est le fruit d’origines multiples : d’abord, pays de tribus indiennes, parmi lesquelles les Taïnos, accaparé ensuite par les colons espagnols, puis français, Haïti s’est progressivement construit en nation, grâce, en particulier, au combat libérateur de sa population d’origine africaine, majoritairement esclave et affranchie.
Haïti est donc une jeune nation qui s’est récemment imposée sur la scène politique mondiale grâce à son acte d’indépendance de 1804. Et l’histoire de la littérature haïtienne est étroitement liée aux convulsions d’une recherche d’identité, d’une quête de racines, engagée par la société toute entière afin d’asseoir une souveraineté nationale.
Progressive prise en compte des « valeurs populaires »
Les valeurs de départ, incarnées par « les élites » sont naturellement celles que véhicule le monde moderne occidental : instruction dans les langues et religion (catholique) dominantes ; quête de confort par l’emploi, l’enrichissement ; maîtrise de la santé et de la sécurité qui passe par l’industrialisation croissante au détriment des valeurs rurales.
Or, très tôt, les dirigeants haïtiens et surtout les intellectuels, de Boirond-Tonnerre, aux frères Nau et Ardouin en passant par Tertulien Guilbaud jusqu’à Beauvais Lespinasse, qui maîtrisaient parfaitement la langue française, ont pris conscience du fossé qui les séparait de plus en plus de leurs concitoyens majoritairement d’origine rurale. Les difficultés de gouvernance et la force des préjugés raciaux et/ou de classes empêchaient cette population d’avoir accès aux progrès du monde moderne que promettaient toujours les dirigeants.
Dès cet instant, les écrivains ont su que la conquête de la dignité du peuple haïtien passait par la récupération de sa langue : le créole et la valorisation de moeurs propres à l’univers rural (travail agricole, loisirs, protections, sécurités, croyances, rêves et espérances qui relèvent des moeurs paysannes). Pour autant, cette dynamique n’excluait pas les tendances au mépris des classes dites « inférieures » ni la puissance des préjugés racialistes.
Une littérature du « nous »
C’est ainsi que la littérature haïtienne s’est peu à peu distinguée de la littérature modèle, la française, par le traitement de thématiques propres comme le patriotisme et la glorification des héros des guerres d’indépendance : Toussaint Louverture, Jean-Jacques Dessalines, le roi Christophe, Pétion, etc. ; l’élaboration de mythes fondateurs comme dans Stella (1859) d’Emeric Bergeaud, premier roman haïtien. La thématique du « préjugé de couleur » est constante dans les pièces de théâtres, poèmes et romans : « Le Fils du Noir », « Choucoune » d’ailleurs écrit en créole, poèmes d’Oswald Durand ; et même des romans, dits exotiques parce que le cadre se situe hors d’Haïti, comme Francesca (1873) de Demesvar Delorme ou La Chercheuse (1880) de Louis-Joseph Janvier, ou Le Damné (1877) évoquent les problèmes d’amour en lien avec les préjugés raciaux. La quête de la loi, de repères est inscrite dès le premier roman haïtien. Ces préoccupations moralisatrices se manifestent à travers la prédilection pour les fables, les proverbes, les contes hérités de la tradition créole. C’est ce qui va justifier le large emploi du pronom « nous » dans bon nombre d’essais et surtout de romans.
Une littérature du métissage linguistique
La période romantique entre 1836 et 1885 voit se développer l’évocation de la couleur locale : scènes populaires dans les villes, le travail des champs et les moeurs paysannes, le thème du vaudou…, même si le travail d’écriture manque souvent d’authenticité, restant trop proche du regard ethnographique, ainsi que le reconnaît un certain journaliste de L’Union du 17 août 1837 : « La langue française dans nos écrits a toujours l’air d’une langue acquise : un des bienfaits de la civilisation sera de la naturaliser chez nous. » Ainsi est enclenché le processus du métissage linguistique, quand bien même tous les écrivains ne s’engageraient pas dans cette option, loin s’en faut. Mais le débat est lancé. Pendant les périodes de La Ronde et de la Nouvelle Ronde (1885-1925), le débat fait rage entre les tenants d’une langue d’écriture fidèle aux modèles français, comme le souhaite le grand poète Etzer Vilaire (ou Georges Sylvain d’ailleurs) qui craint de voir se développer « un langage bâtard qui n’est ni tout à fait du créole ni surtout du français », soucieux d’écrire dans une langue capable de traduire des sentiments universels ; et les adeptes de la transformation de la langue française ou du tout créole : ainsi voient le jour les romans de Frédéric Marcelin (Marilisse, 1903), de Justin Lhérisson (Zoune chez sa Ninaine) ou de Fernand Hibbert (Séna, 1905), dont la structure s’inspire d’une forme de discours dialogué créole appelé « audience ». Grâce à cet emprunt, le roman gagne en force comique et en vitalité. Durant cette période (1884-1889), de grands débats sur les questions sociales et de souveraineté nationale, sur les problèmes de l’agriculture et de l’instruction sont portés par des essayistes de grand nom comme Louis-Joseph Janvier, Anténor Firmin et Hannibal Price, qui sont d’ailleurs réputés pour avoir développé un argumentaire anti-raciste ; ces débats sont relayés par des périodiques de renom entre 1895 et 1912 : La Ronde, La Jeune Haïti, Haïti littéraire et sociale, Haïti littéraire et scientifique…
Ensuite, la période de l’Indigénisme, suivie de celle des griots (1925-1975) sera féconde en inventions linguistiques et littéraires.
Meurtris par l’occupation américaine (1915-1935), de nombreux intellectuels haïtiens se sont engagés dans la résistance, du moins morale, au travers d’oeuvres à tonalité patriotique, susceptibles de réveiller la conscience nationale. Ainsi parla l’oncle (1928) de Jean Price-Mars est un essai scientifique et didactique (ethnographique, sociologique, anthropologique…) qui a marqué l’époque, car il réconcilie toutes les composantes de la réalité haïtienne, y compris les plus contradictoires, et favorise pour chaque Haïtien une meilleure acceptation de son « moi ». Jean Price-Mars a apporté sa contribution à la culture du « métissage ». Par une démarche rationnelle et scientifique, il a tenté d’éradiquer la honte inhérente à la perception négative qu’on a des univers ruraux et africains à l’époque. Cette période voit la fondation du premier parti communiste haïtien (1934) et la création du Bureau d’Ethnologie (1941) par le poète Jacques Roumain. Un philologue haïtien, Jules Faine, fait paraître le fruit de ses recherches : Philologie créole (1936), Le Créole dans l’univers (1939). Il faut noter également l’influence des mouvements Surréaliste et de la Négritude : André Breton et Aimé Césaire sont venus en Haïti encourager les écrivains qui les ont favorablement reçus. Ces mouvements ont inspiré des tendances littéraires typiquement haïtiennes, comme le « réalisme merveilleux » initié par J.-S. Alexis ou le « spiralisme » initié par René Philoctète, Jean-Claude Fignolé et Frankétienne.
Bon nombre d’écrivains optent pour une langue française de plus en plus travaillée par le souffle, le rythme et les images de l’oralité créole. L’identification de l’écrivain à son héros populaire de fiction est mieux perceptible : un texte plus affectif qui peut parfois donner lieu à de bonnes réussites : Gouverneurs de la rosée (1944) de Jacques Roumain, Les Semences de la colère (1949) d’Anthony Lespès, Parias de Magloire Saint-Aude, bien des romans de Jacques-Stéphen Alexis. Même si certains écrivains, comme Léon Laleau, puis plus tard le poète Bonnard Posy, Alix Mathon, ou Jean Brierre plaident pour un traitement classique du français, selon les règles de l’ancienne métropole, beaucoup parmi eux, comme Emile Roumer, Félix Morisseau-Leroy (Diacoute en créole) ou Franck Fouché militeront pour la production d’oeuvres en créole et bilingues.
Une littérature tiraillée entre le désir de satisfaire le lecteur local et celui de satisfaire le lecteur étranger En Haïti, les écrivains se sont toujours sentis frustrés de ne pouvoir être véritablement appréciés par la majorité de leurs compatriotes qui ne savaient pas plus lire le français que le créole. Pas de maisons d’édition à proprement parler, certes des imprimeries, mais la publication à compte d’auteur est ruineuse. Tout ce contexte incite l’écrivain à se faire éditer à l’étranger, avec les contraintes, les concessions que cela suppose, car la maison d’édition française, québécoise, suisse ou belge recherche le profit en essayant de satisfaire le plus grand nombre de lecteurs francophones. Il faut reconnaître que cette édition à l’étranger est stimulante pour l’écrivain, ravi d’accroître internationalement son audience, mais d’une certaine façon également parmi ses compatriotes ; l’auteur est aussi encouragé à produire toujours davantage.
La dictature de François Duvalier dès les années 1965, même si elle n’a pas véritablement tari l’inspiration des écrivains, elle a réduit à néant leur liberté d’expression. C’est ainsi que beaucoup d’entre eux se sont partiellement ou totalement exilés soit au Canada (éventuellement aux Etats-Unis), soit en France, soit en Belgique. Ainsi ont-ils pu se faire éditer plus facilement : Amour, Colère et Folie (1968) de Marie Vieux-Chauvet, Moins l’infini (1972) et Mémoire en Colin-Maillard (1976) d’Anthony Phelps, Le Huitième jour (1973) de René Philoctète, Les Chiens (1961) de Francis-Joachim Roy, Compère général Soleil (1955) et L’Espace d’un cillement (1959) de Jacques-Stéphen Alexis. Les écrits du poète René Depestre ont également bénéficié d’une grande promotion à partir de son exil. Les oeuvres de Roger Dorsinville ont été éditées à partir de son expatriation. Ainsi en est-il également de Jean Métellus dont presque tous les romans ont été publiés par Gallimard. Ces derniers temps les maisons d’éditions se font plus offensives et éditent plus volontiers des écrivains installés dans leur pays d’origine : Frankétienne, Gary Victor, Lyonel Trouillot, Yanick Lahens, etc.
L’exil, l’expatriation contribuent à modifier les données de la création littéraire haïtienne qui a tendance à se diversifier toujours davantage. A partir de 1980 domine une liberté de création. Les écrivains haïtiens, selon leur rapport au créole, selon les lieux où ils ont choisi de vivre, selon leur rapport à leur environnement social ou à la patrie, individualisent leur parcours de créateurs, donnant naissance à des styles de plus en plus variés.
Le nombre d’auteurs haïtiens francophones est en constante augmentation ainsi que, sans commune mesure néanmoins, le nombre d’auteurs haïtiens créolophones qui, pour les publications bilingues, tentent de s’associer avec des créolophones d’autres lieux géographiques (Martinique, Guadeloupe, La réunion).
Anne Marty Docteur ès Lettres
Auteure de :
• Le Personnage féminin dans les romans haïtiens et québécois de 1938 à 1980 : traitement et signification, A.N.R.T. (Thèse à la carte), Presse du Septentrion, Villeneuve d’Ascq (59), 1997
• Haïti en Littérature, La Flèche du temps/Maisonneuve et Larose (Servédit), Paris, 2000
La peinture et la sculpture en Haïti
La peinture
La peinture haïtienne se caractérise à la fois par ses sources d’inspiration, populaires et spirituelles, et par un style original incarné par les artistes naïfs.
Les premiers temps
La peinture a toujours été une forme d’expression traditionnelle en Haïti comme en témoignent les décorations murales et les illustrations d’inspiration religieuse dont certaines remontent au XVIIIe siècle. Alors que les familles de colons riches importaient des tableaux d’Europe ou faisaient venir des peintres occidentaux sur place, d’autres envoyaient leurs esclaves libres en France pour y apprendre la peinture et exploiter leur talent. C’est notamment le cas du portraitiste de Léogâne, Luc.
La première Académie de peinture haïtienne est créée au Cap-Haïtien par le roi Christophe peu après l’indépendance (1804). En 1816, Pétion ouvre une école d’Art à Port-au-Prince où viennent enseigner des peintres français. Entre 1830 et 1860, les sujets historiques liés à l’esclavage, et religieux, notamment autour du culte vaudou, constituent alors les principaux thèmes des artistes, dont la production est encore masquée par l’activité des copistes.
Les naïfs haïtiens
Après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, le peintre et professeur américain Dewitt Peters crée en 1944 une école d’art et de peinture à Port-au-Prince. Son enseignement reste dans un premier temps académique et influencé par les courants occidentaux ou américains. Impressionné par le syle naïf des peintres des rues, Peters décide d’accueillir, en complément de ses étudiants traditionnels, des autodidactes à qui il fournit le matériel qui leur permettra d’exprimer leur talent. Une première vague de ces artistes commence à connaître une certaine notoriété, comme Hector Hyppolite, Rigaud Benoit, Castera Bazile, Wilson Bigaud ou Robert Saint-Brice. C’est le début du mouvement des « naïfs haïtiens ».
Lors de ses voyages en Haïti, en 1943 puis en 1945, le poète français André Breton se prend d’admiration pour ces oeuvres, qu’il associe à sa démarche surréaliste. Il publie alors un texte consacré à Hector Hyppolite, qui attire
l’attention des intellectuels français sur la peinture haïtienne. D’autres écrivains, comme Jean-Paul Sartre en 1949, visitent l’île à la même époque.
Dans les années 1950, la peinture haïtienne évolue et se diversifie, s’ouvrant à différentes formes d’expression, mais privilégiant toujours les couleurs et le trait. Plusieurs ateliers voient le jour dans différentes parties du territoire. L’art naïf haïtien se répand alors dans le monde: le Museum of Modern Art de New York se porte acquéreur de toiles des artistes les plus en vogue tandis que Time Magazine reproduit des fresques haïtiennes dans ses éditions.
Le terme de « naïfs » décrit alors un style figuratif où dominent les couleurs en aplat et les sujets populaires (scènes de rue, marchés animés, combats d’animaux, etc.). Il s’applique moins à la technique des artistes qui maîtrisent totalement leur art. Dans les années 1960, les acheteurs s’arrachent les oeuvres des naïfs haïtiens qui deviennent des articles recherchés sur le marché de l’art. Ce brutal intérêt commercial, qui provoque l’émergence d’une véritable industrie artisanale de peintures naïves, amènera des artistes comme la communauté de Saint Soleil à revenir aux sources en plaçant la culture vaudou au coeur de leur démarche.
Peinture vaudou
Le culte vaudou apparaît très tôt dans la peinture haïtienne. Les deux figures les plus marquantes et les plus symboliques sont Hector Hyppolite et Robert Saint-Brice, dont la démarche artistique a été saluée par André Breton pour le premier, et par André Malraux pour le second.
Au début des années 1970, Maud Robart et Jean-Claude Garoute (connu comme peintre sous le nom de Tiga) créent un centre d’art destiné à accueillir les artistes autour du thème du mystère vaudou. Ils l’installent d’abord dans le quartier de Nénettes, à Pétionville, dans la banlieue de Port-au-Prince. L’expérience n’est pas concluante, mais les deux intellectuels s’accrochent à leur projet. Ils déménagent en 1973 à Soisson-la-Montagne, à une cinquantaine de kilomètres de Port-au-Prince, sur les hauteurs de Pétionville. Ils rencontrent sur place des maçons, des cuisinières, des jardiniers et des paysans auxquels ils prêtent un local, des pinceaux et des toiles. La peinture de ces « résidents » va s’orienter vers le thème du vaudou. Leur groupe sera considéré comme une école, baptisée « Saint Soleil ». En 1975, Malraux visite cette communauté et lui donne une aura mystique dans son essai L’Intemporel1 : il prolonge et amplifie, trente ans après André Breton, l’attrait et la séduction que la peinture d’Haïti exerce : « Un peuple d’artiste habite Haïti » écrit-il, soulignant que sur l’île, tout est sujet à transcription picturale : le marché, le mariage, la pêche et la religion, syncrétique comme à Cuba et au Brésil.
En 1978, la communauté Saint Soleil se sépare mais les peintres les plus impliqués et les plus talentueux veulent continuer à peindre : Louisiane Saint Fleurant, Denis Smith, Dieuseul Paul, Levoy Exil et Prospère Pierre Louis, les « historiques de Saint Soleil » créent un groupe informel qui prend le nom des « Cinq soleils ». Ces artistes vont essaimer et beaucoup de peintres vont se reconnaître dans leur démarche : ainsi des artistes comme Payas ou
Stevenson Magloire (le fils de Louisiane Saint Fleurant, qui mourra assassiné) se font connaître jusqu’en Europe et aux États-Unis.
Longtemps, on a trouvé des toiles de ces artistes dans les magasins les plus improbables y compris les boutiques pour touristes, dans lesquelles elles côtoyaient la peinture naïve. Aujourd’hui, un marché s’est organisé autour de la peinture vaudou, et les toiles de ses représentants sont vendues, souvent très cher, dans les galeries américaines et françaises.
Parmi les milliers de peintres haïtiens, on peut citer les plus connus : tout d’abord des femmes peintres, minoritaires : Luce Turnier, Tamara Baussan, Michèle Manuel ; puis les auteurs des fresques ornant l’église Sainte-Trinité (écroulée lors du séisme du 12.01.10) : Hector Hyppolilte, Wilson Bigaud, Préfète Duffaut, Castéra Bazile ; le peintre du « panthéon vaudou » : André Pierre ; un portraitiste génial : Mario Benjamin ; le « maître des masques » Tiga et, avec lui, les peintres de l’école « Saint-Soleil » qu’il a créée : Prosper Pierre-Louis, Richard Antilhomme, Saint-Jean Saint-Juste, Louisianne Saint-Fleurant, Levoy Exil qui ont peint, disaient-ils « inspirés par les loas » ; et enfin, last but not least, Barbara Prézeau, peintre et plasticienne qui a créé la fondation Africa-America, pour rapprocher l’art des deux continents…
La sculpture
De nombreux ouvrages décrivent la peinture haïtienne, mais la sculpture –sur bois, racines, pierre, argile, métal…- est moins bien servie, sauf « la sculpture bidon » ou « fers découpés » qui a fait l’objet de plusieurs livres ; cet art/artisanat est fortement inspiré des mythologies grecque et vaudou et est illustré par Serge Jolimeau et ses successeurs.
Cet article examine les conditions historiques, sociales et matérielles des pratiques du vodou à Paris et en Ile-de-France. Les enjeux de ces pratiques soulignent une dynamique de visibilité et d’invisibilité, d’inclusion et de fermeture qui détermine autant les relations humaines à l’intérieur du culte que les rapports avec une société française réfractaire au vodou. Sa présence à Paris remonte aux années 1960, avec les mises en scène inspirées du culte, et elle s’inscrit dans une histoire qui débute par les tournées des troupes folkloriques, formées à Port-au-Prince dans les années 1940. Les pratiques contemporaines du vodou en Ile-de-France nécessitent des adaptations matérielles et rituelles. Elles relèvent autant d’une logique de protection que de relations de pouvoir fondées sur l’autorité religieuse et sur l’origine ethnique des pratiquants. Le vodou se révèle être un espace de compétition ou` les procédés de légitimation, véhicués par des rumeurs, s’appuient sur des traditions et des territoires, sur la dimension économique et sur le respect des prescriptions rituelles. La circulation de ces rumeurs, de Paris à Brooklyn, suggère l’existence d’un espace transnational de moralité fondé sur des normes sociales et religieuses qui trouvent leur origine en Haïti.
Proverbes haïtiens
Voici une petite sélection de proverbes haïtiens de notre ami Talégrand Noël qui nous les dévoile en nous livrant quelques clés pour les comprendre. Talégrand est haïtien d’origine rurale, artiste, romancier et grand connaisseur de nombreux proverbes (voir notre bibliographie) En Haïti, les proverbes font partie de la culture populaire, ils sont des milliers et se transmettent oralement de générations en générations constituant ainsi un riche patrimoine. Les paysans manient ces proverbes avec perspicacité et beaucoup de répartie, leur évitant ainsi de se lancer dans de grands discours tout en se faisant bien comprendre.
Hospitalité haïtienne
• « Kay piti nat anba bwa » : La maison est petite, on prend ses nattes sous le bras (Même si on est un peu juste, il faut faire de la place pour accueillir et héberger tout le monde)
• « Manje kwit pa gen mèt” : La nourriture cuite n’a pas de maître (Il faut partager avec quiconque arrive à l’heure du repas)
• « Sa pòv genyen se li l pote nan mache » : Ce que le pauvre possède c’est ce qu’il apporte au marché (Il faut offrir ou savoir se contenter de ce que l’on a)
• « Bay piti pa chich » : Donner peu ne signifie pas qu’on est pingre (On donne ce qu’on a. Sous entendu : si on avait beaucoup, on donnerait davantage)
• « Se anvi bay ki bay » : C’est parce qu’on a vraiment envie qu’on a donné (Faire un geste de générosité alors qu’on est soi-même dans une situation précaire)
Sagesse
• « Konn li pa di lespri pou sa » : Savoir lire ne veut pas dire qu’on a de l’esprit (Être lettré ne signifie pas qu’on est intelligent pour autant)
• « Konesans se richès » : La connaissance c’est de la richesse
• « Bwa pi wo di li wè lwen, men grenn pwomennen di li wè pi lwen pase l » : L’arbre le plus haut dit qu’il voit loin, mais la graine qui se promène dit qu’elle voit plus loin que lui (Celui ou celle qui voyage a plus de chance de découvrir des choses que ne verra pas celui ou celle qui ne se déplace jamais)
• « Rayi chen, men pa di l fimen tabak » : On peut détester le chien, mais on ne doit pas dire qu’il fume (Il ne faut pas accuser quelqu’un de ce dont il n’est pas capable)
• « Pa janm koupe dwèt moun k ap ba ou manje » : Ne jamais couper le doigt de celui ou celle qui te donne à manger (Ne pas se montrer ingrat ou méchant vis-à-vis de quelqu’un qui t’aide)
• « Lè bab kanmarad ou pran dife, mete pa ou alatranp » : Lorsque la barbe de ton camarade prend feu, tu peux commencer à mettre la tienne dans la trempe (Il ne faut pas se réjouir lorsque le malheur frappe chez le voisin. Car, nul n’est jamais complètement à l’abri)
• « Bat chen an tann mèt li » : Battez le chien, attendez son maître (Quand on fait du mal à quelqu’un qui est incapable de se défendre, il faut s’attendre à des représailles de la part de ses proches)
• « Twò prese pa fè jou louvri » : Être trop pressé ne fait pas se lever le jour (Cela ne sert à rien de se précipiter)
La famille, les enfants
• « San se san, dlo se dlo » : Le sang c’est le sang, l’eau c’est l’eau (Quelles que soient les circonstances, on reste toujours sensible à la situation de quelqu’un avec lequel on a des liens du sang)
• « Pitit se richès malere » : Les enfants c’est la richesse des pauvres
• « Pitit se baton vyeyès » : Les enfants c’est le bâton de la vieillesse (Les enfants sont l’assurance-vie des personnes âgées)
• « Tanbou bat nan raje, men se lakay li vin danse » : Le tambour ou la musique se joue dans les bois, mais la danse vient s’exécuter à la maison (Les actes qu’on commet en dehors du domicile ont de toute façon des répercussions sur le reste de la famille ou seront connus de la famille)
• « Koulèv ki gen ke pa janbe dife » : Une couleuvre ayant une queue ne traverse pas le feu (Il faut être prudent ou il ne faut pas prendre de risques inutiles quand on a de la famille et/ou des responsabilités)
• « Manman chen pa janm mòde pitit li jous nan zo » : Une chienne ne mord jamais ses petits jusqu’aux os (On ne peut pas faire mal à son propre enfant ou à sa propre chair)
• « Tete pa janm twò lou pou mèt li » : Les seins ne sont jamais trop lourds pour les gens qui les ont (Même si c’est difficile, on s’efforce toujours d’assumer ses responsabilités quand il s’agit de ses propres biens ou de sa progéniture)
• « Dwèt ou santi ou pa ka koupe l jete » : Même si tes doigts puent, tu ne peux pas les couper pour les jeter (Que quelqu’un fasse des choses préjudiciables aux membres de sa famille, on ne peut pas s’en débarrasser ou le tuer pour autant)
Leçons de vie
• « Jan chat mache lajounen se pa konsa li peche lannwit » : La façon dont le chat marche le jour est différente de la façon dont il chasse la nuit (Il ne faut pas se fier à l’apparence)
• « Se lè kay pran dife ou konn konbyen kokobe ki te ladan » : C’est lorsqu’une maison brûle qu’on sait combien il y avait de handicapés à l’intérieur (Lorsqu’une affaire éclate au grand jour, on est souvent surpris par l’identité des protagonistes)
• « Se rat kay k ap manje kay » : C’est le rat de la maison qui la mange (Pas besoin d’aller chercher ailleurs, le coupable se trouve dans le cercle rapproché (familial ou amical))
• « Rat manje kann, zandolit mouri inosan » : Les rats mangent la canne à sucre, les anolis (espèce de lézard) meurent innocents (Les innocents payent pour les coupables)
• « Twou manti pa fon » : Le trou du mensonge n’est pas profond (La vérité finit toujours par éclater au grand jour)
• « Moun ki ba ou konsèy achte kabrit nan lapli, se pa li ki ede w pran swen li nan lesèk » : Ceux ou celles qui te conseillent d’acheter des chèvres pendant la pluie ne sont pas ceux ou celles qui t’aident à les nourrir quand vient la sécheresse (Les conseilleurs ne sont pas les payeurs)
• « Chay sot sou tèt tonbe sou zèpòl » : Le fardeau sort de la tête pour atterrir sur les épaules (Dans le langage vaudou, pour dire que quelqu’un est ou sera épargné (guéri) au détriment d’un membre de sa propre famille qui périra a sa place)
• « Dan pouri se sou fig mi li gen fòs » : Les dents pourries exercent leur force contre les bananes mûres (Les lâches s’en prennent toujours aux plus faibles)
• « Sa w fè se li ou wè » : Ce que tu fais, c’est ce que tu vois (Tu récoltes ce que tu as semé)
• « Jan chache, jan twouve » : La façon dont on cherche, c’est la façon dont on trouve (Tu l’as cherché ! ou tu l’as mérité !)
Paroles d’espoir, de luttes
• « Jistis Bondye se kabwèt bèf » : La justice de Dieu, c’est une charrette tirée par un boeuf (La justice divine est semblable à une charrette, lente mais efficace. Sous entendu, qu’elle se produira tôt ou tard)
• « Toutan tèt poko koupe, li espere pote chapo » : Tant que la tête n’est pas coupée, elle a l’espoir de porter le chapeau (Tant qu’on est vivant, il faut lutter sans jamais désespérer)
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